Consonan Nasal,Liquid,semi vowel

Liquid Consonant :

Liquids as a class often behave in a similar way in the phonotactics of a language: for example, they often have the greatest freedom in occurring in consonant clusters.^[1] In some languages, such as Japanese, there is one liquid phoneme which may have both lateral and rhotic allophones.^[1]

English has two liquid phonemes, one lateral, /l/ and one rhotic, /ɹ/, exemplified in the words led and red.

Many other European languages have one lateral and one rhotic phoneme. Some, such as Greek, Italian and Serbo-Croatian, have more than two liquid phonemes. These two languages have the set /l/ /ʎ/ /r/, with two laterals and one rhotic. Similarly, the Iberian languages contrast four liquid phonemes. /l/, /ʎ, /ɾ/, and a fourth phoneme that is an alveolar trill in all but Portuguese, where it is a guttural trill or fricative. Some European languages, like Russian and Irish, contrast a palatalized lateral–rhotic pair with an unpalatalized (or velarized) set (e.g. /lʲ/ /rʲ/ /l/ /r/ in Russian).

Elsewhere in the world, two liquids of the types mentioned above remains the most common attribute of a language's consonant inventory, except in North America and Australia. In North America, a majority of languages do not have rhotics at all and there is a wide variety of lateral sounds – though most are obstruent laterals rather than liquids. Most indigenous Australian languages are very rich in liquids, with some having as many as seven distinct liquids. These typically include dental, alveolar, retroflex and palatal laterals, and as many as three rhotics.

On the other side, there are many indigenous languages in the Amazon Basin and eastern North America, as well as a few in Asia and Africa, with no liquids. Polynesian languages typically have only one liquid, which may be either a lateral or a rhotic.

Nasal Consonan 

Nearly all nasal consonants are nasal occlusives, where air escapes through the nose but not through the mouth, as it is blocked (occluded) by the lips or tongue. The oral cavity still acts as a resonance chamber for the sound. Rarely, non-occlusive consonants may be nasalized.

Most nasals are voiced, and in fact the nasal sounds [n] and [m] are among the most common sounds cross-linguistically. Voiceless nasals do occur in a few languages, such as Burmese, Welsh and Guaraní. (Compare oral stops, which block off the air completely, and fricatives, which obstruct the air with a narrow channel. Both stops and fricatives are more commonly voiceless than voiced, and are known as obstruents.)

In terms of acoustics, nasals are sonorants, meaning that they do not significantly restrict the escape of air (as it can freely escape out the nose). However, nasals are also obstruents in their articulation because the flow of air through the mouth is blocked. This duality, a sonorant airflow through the nose along with an obstruction in the mouth, means that nasal occlusives behave both like sonorants and like obstruents. For example, nasals tend to pattern with other sonorants such as [r] and [l], but in many languages they may develop from or into stops.

Acoustically, nasals have bands of energy at around 200 and 2,000 Hz.

Voiced		Voiceless
Description	IPA	Description	IPA
voiced bilabial nasal	[m]	voiceless bilabial nasal	[m̥]
voiced labiodental nasal	[ɱ]	voiceless labiodental nasal	[ɱ̊]
voiced dental nasal	[n̪]	voiceless dental nasal	[n̪̊]
voiced alveolar nasal 1	[n]	voiceless alveolar nasal 1	[n̥]
voiced retroflex nasal	[ɳ]	voiceless retroflex nasal	[ɳ̊ ]
voiced palatal nasal	[ɲ]	voiceless palatal nasal	[ ɲ̥]
voiced velar nasal	[ŋ]	voiceless velar nasal	[ŋ̊]
voiced uvular nasal	[ɴ]	voiceless uvular nasal	[ɴ̥]

Semi Vowel

 

Semivowels form a subclass of approximants.^[2][3] Although "semivowel" and "approximant" are sometimes treated as synonymous,^[4] most authors agree that not all approximants are semivowels, although the exact details may vary from author to author. For example, Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) don't consider the labiodental approximant [ʋ] to be a semivowel,^[5] while Martínez-Celdrán (:2004) proposes that it should be considered one.^[6]
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the diacritic attached to non-syllabic vowel letters is ⟨  ̯  ⟩ (U+032F  ̯ combining inverted breve below)^[7]. Additionally, there are dedicated letters for four semivowels that correspond to the four close cardinal vowel sounds:^[3]

Semivowel (non-syllabic)	Vowel (syllabic)
[j] (palatal approximant)	[i] (close front unrounded vowel)
[ɥ] (labio-palatal approximant)	[y] (close front rounded vowel)
[ɰ] (velar approximant)	[ɯ] (close back unrounded vowel)
[w] (labiovelar approximant)	[u] (close back rounded vowel)

The pharyngeal approximant [ʕ̞] is also equivalent to the semivowel articulation of the open back unrounded vowel [ɑ̯].^[8]
In addition, some authors^[5][6] consider the rhotic approximants [ɹ], [ɻ ] to be semivowels corresponding to R-colored vowels such as [ɚ]. As mentioned above, the labiodental approximant [ʋ] is considered a semivowel in some treatments. A central semivowel, [ ȷ̈] (also written [ ɉ]), is uncommon. The semivowel corresponding to the close mid front unrounded vowel,^{[clarification needed]} here provisionally defined as "semipalatal semilateral" approximant, is currently attested only^{[dubious – discuss]} in some varieties of Venetian as an allophone of the lateral consonant /l/ and can also be reduced to zero.^{[citation needed]}